Monday, August 22, 2022

Ch 1 notes

 

C.A . Framework

ratiTHE AMERICASWEST AFRICA, AND EUROPE – SECTION 1
- Ancient Cultures arrived about 22,000 years ago via a land bridge






Silk Road 
The Silk Road is neither an actual road nor a single route. The term instead refers to a network of routes used by traders for more than 1,500 years, from when the Han dynasty of China opened trade in 130 B.C.E. until 1453 C.E., when the Ottoman Empire closed off trade with the West.


Earliest settlers were hunters
Agriculture thrived starting about 5,000 years ago
- Some Natives remained Nomadic
Maya, Aztec, and Inca societies flourished



                      
national geographic



Cosmology
Page 51 of Book IX from the Florentine Codex. The text is in Nahuatl; World Digital Library.





General History of the Things of New Spain by Fray Bernardino de Sahagún: The Florentine Codex
Description

In partnership with Nahua men who were formerly his students at the Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco, Sahagún conducted research, organized evidence, wrote and edited his findings starting in 1545 up until his death in 1590. The work consists of 2,400 pages organized into twelve books; more than 2,000 illustrations drawn by native artists provide vivid images of this era. It documents the culture, religious cosmology (worldview) and ritual practices, society, economics, and natural history of the Aztec people. One scholar described The Florentine Codex as “one of the most remarkable accounts of a non-Western culture ever composed.”


NATIVE AMERICAS IN 1400's
Native American societies in North America were as varied as the geography
The Pueblo (SW)
Taos Pueblo

Legacy and honors
On September 22, 2005, the statue of Po'pay, (Popé) the leader of the Pueblo Revolt, was unveiled in the Capitol Rotunda in Washington, D.C. The statue was the second commissioned by the state of New Mexico for National Statuary Hall; it was the 100th and last to be added to the collection, which represents the Senate. It was created by Cliff Fragua, a Puebloan from Jemez Pueblo, New Mexico. It is the only statue in the collection created by a Native American.



Taos Pueblo village, where Po'Pay went into hiding to plan the revolt against the Spanish.





                                                                       Pueblo People

The Iroquois (/ˈɪrəkwɔɪ/ or /ˈɪrəkwɑː/), also known as the Haudenosaunee /ˈhdənɵˈʃni/, are a historically powerful and important northeast Native American confederacy. They were known during the colonial years to theFrench as the "Iroquois League" and later as the "Iroquois Confederacy", and to the English as the "Five Nations" (before 1722) and later as the "Six Nations", comprising the MohawkOnondagaOneidaCayugaSeneca, andTuscarora nations.



The four "Mohawk Kings" who travelled to London in 1710.




Engraving based on a drawing by Champlain of his 1609 voyage. It depicts a battle between Iroquois and Algonquian tribes near Lake Champlain

 and Iroquois (NE) were two famous tribes
Most of the tribes in America had common religious views, trade patterns & values

WEST AFRICAN SOCIETIES OF THE 1400S

The Empire of Songhai

Image Courtesy of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History,

Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Benin city in the 17th century.






Long established, sophisticated societies existed in Western Africa
The Kingdom of Songhai controlled trans-Sahara trade
Kingdom of Benin and Kongo were two famous dynasties
Village and family bonds formed the basis of life

EUROPEAN SOCIETIES OF THE 1400S


European villages had a long tradition of social hierarchy – complete with nobles, merchants & peasants
Christianity played a critical role – religious leaders had power
The Reformation in the early 1500s led to a split in the church
EUROPEAN EXPLORATION
Spain colonized Florida beginning in the 16th century with a brutal military presence, and the establishment of “The Mission System.”
Photo courtesy State Archives of Florida

The countries of Portugal, Spain, France  and England explored in the late 1400s for God, Gold, and Glory

 Enlightenment Thinkers

VOLTAIRE
Montesquieu






The countries of Portugal, Spain, France  and England explored in the late 1400s for
 GodGold, and Glory
Improved map makingbetter sailboats, compassesastrolabes, – all led to better exploration  
Astroble

The first use of the name "America" was in 1507, when a new world map was created based on the explorations of Amerigo Vespucci.

AGE OF DISCOVERY

SPANISH NORTH AMERICA – SECTION 2
Columbus crosses the Atlantic in October of 1492 and lands in San Salvador (“Holy Savior”)
He spent about 3 months exploring Islands in the Bahamas
Europeans used advanced weapons to force locals into labor: Plantation System 
Disease devastated Native population
Columbus in the Caribbean

IMPACT OF COLUMBUS
On Africans- Before slave trade ended in the 1800s, 10 million Africans
On Europeans- Biggest voluntary migration in world history
Lines dividing the non-Christian world between Spain and Portugal: the 1494 Tordesillas meridian (purple) and the 1529 Zaragoza antimeridian (green)
On Trade- Columbian Exchange meant new goods & products flowed between continents

The Columbian Biological Exchange

The letter that launched a thousand ships: Columbus' letter telling of the New World

'To the first island I discovered I gave the name of San Salvador, in commemoration of His Divine Majesty, who has wonderfully granted all this. The Indians call it Guanaham.

'The second I named the Island of Santa Maria de Concepcion; the third, Fernandina; the fourth, Isabella; the fifth, Juana; and thus to each one I gave a new name.

'When I came to Juana, I followed the coast of that isle toward the west, and found it so extensive that I thought it might be the mainland, the province of Cathay.

'I heard from other Indians I had already taken that this land was an island, and thus followed the eastern coast for one hundred and seven leagues, until I came to the end of it.

'From that point I saw another isle to the eastward, at 18 leagues' distance, to which I gave the name of Hispaniola.

'There are many spices and vast mines of gold and other metals in this island.

'They have no iron, nor steel, nor weapons, nor are they fit for them, because although they are well-made men of commanding stature, they appear extraordinarily timid.

'The only arms they have are sticks of cane, cut when in seed, with a sharpened stick at the end, and they are afraid to use these.

'Often I have sent two or three men ashore to some town to converse with them, and the natives came out in great numbers, and as soon as they saw our men arrive, fled without a moment's delay although I protected them from all injury.

'At every point where I landed, and succeeded in talking to them, I gave them some of everything I had-cloth and many other things-without receiving anything in return, but they are a hopelessly timid people.

'It is true that since they have gained more confidence and are losing this fear, they are so unsuspicious and so generous with what they possess, that no one who had not seen it would believe it.

'They never refuse anything that is asked for.

'They even offer it themselves, and show so much love that they would give their very hearts.

'Whether it be anything of great or small value, with any trifle of whatever kind, they are satisfied.

'I forbade worthless things being given to them, such as bits of broken bowls, pieces of glass, and old straps, although they were as much pleased to get them as if they were the finest jewels in the world.

'As for monsters, I have found no trace of them except at the point in the second isle as one enters the Indies, which is inhabited by a people considered in all the isles as most ferocious, who eat human flesh.' 

SPAIN CLAIMS A NEW EMPIRE
This is the meeting of Cortes and Montezuma, king of the Aztecs. The Aztecs were at their height, strong and still conquering their neighbors when they fell to the Spanish.
Spanish explorers (Conquistadorsseized much of the Americas





This is Hernan Cortes. He was the one who conquered and destroyed the Aztec Empire. He once said that he and his men were slaves to gold.
Cortes conquered the Aztecs in Mexico








These Tlaxcala soldiers are leading Cortes to the attack on the Aztecs. The Tlaxcala made a treaty with the Spanish that if they helped Cortes they would be left unmolested, receive half the spoils, and never be taxed or forced to pay tribute to the Spanish. The Spanish kept this bargain for 300 years.



SPAIN EXPLORES SOUTHWEST AND WESTERN AMERICA

Mission Church in Ranchos de Taos, New Mexico







Mid-1500sSpain explored much of what is today the SW & West of the USA

New Mexico settled by Spanish priest who converted Natives (Pueblos) 

Texas area had 30 expeditions in 16th century 

California was site of numerous missions


   EARLY BRITISH COLONIES – SECTION 3

Beginning in the early 1600s, the English established colonies along the eastern coast of North America

1607: Jamestown was first to be settled

John Smith



                                                           Captain John Smith, based on an engraving done in 1616.

                                                           John Smith Map of 1616 (colorized by Preservation Virginia).

                                                    http://www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/life-of-john-smith.htm

                    led this group of settlers
Colony struggled at first, then was saved by Tobacco crop

Known among his peers as "an ardent smoker," John Rolfe introduced the tobacco plant to the Virginia colony. This plant became the cornerstone of the Virginia economy.





Tobacco cultivation was demanding work. Signs such as this one were posted in England to round up more workers (indentured servants).











Jamestown




PURITANS CREATE A NEW ENGLAND”
The 16th century Reformation caused a split in the Christian Church;  Catholics and Protestants
One extreme group of Protestant reformers – the Puritans sought to cleanse or “purify” their religion of all traces of Catholicism 








COLONISTS MEET RESISTANCE



New England Colonists (Puritans) soon conflict with the Native Americans over land & religion
King Philip’s War was fought in 1675 between the Natives and Puritans ending a year later with many dead and the Natives retreating



SETTLING THE MIDDLE COLONIES
Dominated by Dutch  and Quaker settlers, the Middle Colonies were founded in the mid-1600s
William Penn led Quakers as they colonized Pennsylvania and Delaware


                                                         Portrait of Young William Penn in Armor, date and artist unknown.


                                          Wampum belt, legend dated 1682. Lenape Tribe; clam and whelk shell     beads, leather.





ENGLAND’S COLONIES PROSPER
James was a Stuart king of England, Scotland and Ireland who in 1688 was overthrown in the 'Glorious Revolution' by William III.
George III was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two countries on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death.
Throughout the 1600s and 1700s, more British Colonies were established
By 1752, the English Crown had assumed more & more responsibility for the 13 colonies
Mercantilism & Navigation Acts were two such ways that the English government controlled the colonies

NAVIGATION ACTS



Dutch and English Ships
1651- England’s Parliament passed a series of laws known as the Navigation Acts
These laws restricted the colonies shipping & trade
Ships, destinations, crews, goods: All strictly regulated by the English
The colonies were developing a spirit of self-determination.  Therefore, they were NOT happy with these restrictions



the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism.
Mercantilism

THE COLONIES COME OF  AGE – SECTION 4




New England Ship Yard

Fleet of Ships for tobacco trade
New England, Middle Colonies, and the South – all developed distinct economies and societies
In the South, rural Plantations with a single cash crop were common
 and African slaves made up the majority of people 
Small Southern farmers (Germans, Scots, Irish)

THE MIDDLE PASSAGE

During the 17th century, Africans endured a transatlantic crossing from Africa to the North American Colonies
Cruelty characterized the months long journey – 13% died on route
 

 






AFRICANS MAINTAIN PARTS OF THEIR CULTURE
Despite enslavement, Africans coped with the horrors of slavery via music, dance, and storytelling

Slaves also resisted their position of subservience by faking illness, breaking tools, or work slowdowns
Others were more radical and tried escape revolt



NORTHERN COLONIES COMMERCE THRIVES

The development of cities, expansion of trade, and diverse economies gradually made the North radically different from the South
Philly was the 2nd largest British port
Farming differed from the South: smaller, more diverse crops in North

THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE GREAT AWAKENING

1700s: An intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment began in Europe and a religious movement known as the Great Awakening started in the Colonies

The Enlightenment emphasized reasonscience, and observation and led to the discovery of natural laws


Enlightenment
John Locke
Great Awakening
Glorious Revolution
All provided a unifying experience that bridged colonial divides of faith, region, and class

Glorious Revolution
James II was overthrown in England
Encouraged colonial uprising against British authority in Massachusetts, New York, and Maryland
 
Enlightenment
Encouraged people to study the world around them and think for themselves
Ben Franklin created the “American Philosophical Society” to improve society


John Locke
 Believed people had natural rights because they were human
 People formed governments to protect these rights
 If government fails to protect rights people can revolt and create a new government
 Influenced many founding fathers, including Thomas Jefferson
 Ideas can be found throughout the Declaration of Independence



RELIGIOUS REVIVAL: THE GREAT AWAKENING
A series of religious revivals aimed at restoring devotion & piety swept through the colonies in the mid-1700s

Jonathan Edwards was a Puritan priest from New England who was instrumental in the movement

Fire Brimstone style of worship; large, emotionally charged crowds

Like the Enlightenment the movement stressed the importance of the individual 

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
Captain George Washington in the French and Indian War.
Painting by Junius Brutus Stearns, circa 1850. Courtesy Virginia Museum of Fine Arts.
Competition in North America led to a war (1754-1763) between old rivals France and England
The French in North America were tradesmen (furs) not long-term inhabitants
Ohio River valley was the site of the conflict
The Colonists supported the British while the Natives supported the French


BRITAIN DEFEATS AN OLD ENEMY

While the French had early victories, the British led by William Pitt and George
 Washington eventually defeated the French
Treaty of Paris ends the war in 1763
Brits claim most of North America including Florida (from French ally Spain) & Canada
Native Americans also realized a French loss was a Native American loss

William Pitt

PROCLAMATION LINE OF 1763

     To avoid further costly conflicts with Native Americansthe British government prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains
The Proclamation established a line along the Appalachian that colonists could not cross

























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