Marcus Garvey

 https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/marcus-garvey

Marcus Garvey

Marcus Garvey was a Jamaican-born Black nationalist and leader of the Pan-Africanism movement, which sought to unify and connect people of African descent worldwide. In the United States, he was a noted civil rights activist who founded the Negro World newspaper, a shipping company called Black Star Line and the Universal Negro Improvement Association, or UNIA, a fraternal organization of black nationalists. As a group, they advocated for “separate but equal” status for persons of African ancestry, and as such they sought to establish independent Black states around the world, notably in Liberia on the west coast of Africa.

https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/marcus-garvey

 Garvey’s separatist and Black Nationalist views were not embraced by many of his peers. In fact, W.E.B. Du Bois of the NAACP famously said, “Marcus Garvey is the most dangerous enemy of the Negro race in America and in the world.”

However, Garvey’s supporters prefer to focus on his key message, which was steeped in African American pride. After all, he is credited with coining the phrase “Black is beautiful.”

Expanding Higher Education

 

Booker T Washington

Booker T. Washington (1856-1915) was born into slavery and rose to become a leading African American intellectual of the 19 century, founding Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute (Now Tuskegee University) in 1881 and the National Negro Business League two decades later. Washington advised Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. His infamous conflicts with Black leaders like W. E. B. Du Bois over segregation caused a stir, but today, he is remembered as the most influential African American speaker of his time.

https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/booker-t-washington

Books By Booker T. Washington

Washington, a famed public speaker known for his sense of humor, was also the author of five books:

· “The Story of My Life and Work” (1900)

· “Up From Slavery” (1901)

· “The Story of the Negro: The Rise of the Race from Slavery” (1909)

· “My Larger Education” (1911)

· “The Man Farthest Down” (1912)

W.E.B.Du Bois

 

W.E.B.Du Bois

W.E.B. Du Bois, or William Edward Burghardt Du Bois, was an African American writer, teacher, sociologist and activist whose work transformed the way that the lives of Black citizens were seen in American society. Considered ahead of his time, Du Bois was an early champion of using data to solve social issues for the Black community, and his writing—including his groundbreaking The Souls of Black Folk—became required reading in African American studies.

https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/w-e-b-du-bois

Segregation and Discrimination ch 8 section 3

 List some voting restrictions imposed on African Americans

1. Literacy  Test
2. Poll Tax
3. Grandfather Clause

What were the Jim Crow Laws?
1. Racial segregation laws passed in the south
2. Jim Crow laws were enforced in School, transportation, hospitals and parks

Plessy vs Ferguson 1896

State the issue before the Supreme Court:
Homer Plessy took a seat in the white section of a train car.He was arrested.Plessy claimed he was being denied EQUAL PROTECTION under the law.

Homer Plessy

What was the decision of the Court?

The court ruled SEPARATE BUT EQUAL was NOT UNCONSTITUTIONAL

Voices in American History
Justice John Marshal Harlan condemned the majority's opinion for letting " The seeds of race hate be planted under the sanction of law."

What was the effect of the decision?
Legalized Segregation
Took decades to abolish legal segregation 

https://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/bf09.socst.us.const.plessy/plessy-v-ferguson/

t

Origins of Black History Month

 Black History Month was created in 1926 in the United States, when historian Carter G. Woodson and the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History announced the second week of February to be "Negro History Week." This week was chosen because it coincided with the birthday of Abraham Lincoln on February 12 and of Frederick Douglass on February 14, both of which dates Black communities had celebrated together since the late 19th century.

"If a race has no history, it has no worthwhile tradition, it becomes a negligible factor in the thought of the world, and it stands in danger of being exterminated. The American Indian left no continuous record. He did not appreciate the value of tradition; and where is he today? The Hebrew keenly appreciated the value of tradition, as is attested by the Bible itself. In spite of worldwide persecution, therefore, he is a great factor in our civilization."

 Carter G. Woodson

http://www.greatblackheroes.com/

Conservation

 

Conservation in the United States, as a movement, began with the American sportsmen who came to the realization that wanton waste of wildlife and their habitat had led to the extinction of some species, while other species were at risk. John Muir and the Sierra Club started the modern movement, history shows that the Boone and Crockett Club, formed by Theodore Roosevelt, spearheaded conservation in the United States.^[1]

https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/american-conservation-in-the-twentieth-century.htm

Women Win Suffrage

 In 1919, Congress passed the 19th amendment, granting women the right to vote.The amendment was ratified August 26,1920 - 72 years after women had first convened and demanded the vote at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848.

Goals of the N.Y Women's Suffrage Party.
1. Painstaking organization
2. Close ties with State, local and national workers:
3. Establishing a wide base of support
4.Cautious lobbying
5. Gracious , ladylike behavior

Prohibition

 What Program did many focus on which they thought would improve morality in America?

PROHIBITION

https://www.history.com/topics/roaring-twenties/prohibition

The Muckrakers 1902-1917

 The tradition of the Investigative reporter uncovering corruption was established early in the 20th century  by the writers known as MUCKRAKERS.  The term was Coined by Teddy Roosevelt

Ida Tarbell
"The History of Standard Oil" exposed the ruthlessness which John D.Rockefeller had turned his oil business into an all-powerful monopoly.Her writing added force to the trustbusting reforms of the early 20th century.

Upton Sinclair

Upton Sinclair's chief aim in writing The Jungle was to expose the shocking conditions that immigrant workers endured.The Jungle prompted a Federal investigation that resulted in Passage of the Meat Inspection Act of 1906

Ida B. Wells, an African American journalist and suffragist, was another influential female muckraker. She had been born into slavery in Mississippi in 1862, and in the 1890s became involved in anti-lynching activism. In 1892, she published Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in all its Phases, which detailed the systematic disenfranchisement of Southern blacks and even some poor whites. Wells was very influential in the early movement for civil rights, and was one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1909.

$^6$

What is the Purpose of the Pure Food and Drug Act?

 

Truth in labeling

Halted sale of contaminated food and medicines

The United States and New Zealand are the only countries where drug makers are allowed to market prescription drugs directly to consumers. The U.S. consumer drug advertising boom on television began in 1997, when the FDA relaxed its guidelines relating to broadcast media.Feb 14, 2017

Do not get sold on drug advertising - Harvard Health

Compare Teddy Roosevelt and the Theory of Laissez-faire

 

Extreme opposites.

Laissez-faire meant the govn’t would not be involved

TR thought the president should get involved whenever the rights of people might be at stake.

By 1900 what fraction or percent of american businesses were controlled by TRUSTS ?
4/5 or 80%

 During the Coal strike of 1902, what humorous action did T.R. want to take against one of the Coal Operators?

Throw him out the window of the White House “by the seat of his breeches.”

Settlement Movement

 Young Reformers move into poor neighborhoods, set up centers for social services.

giving $$$ not enough

Social Gospel movement, preached salvation through service to the poor

EXAMPLE- The Hull House

in Chicago, started by Jane Adams and Ellen Gates Starr

http://www.uic.edu/jaddams/hull/hull_house.html

Lasted for decades

could attend events, classes, had childcare, playgrounds, summer camps, helped with legal issues.

by 1910 400 + settlement houses in US

Civil Service Replaces Patronage

 Pendleton Civil Service Act

Federal jobs would be based on merit rather than who you knew.

Patronage, giving of government jobs to people who had helped a candidate get elected.

Municipal Graft and Scandal

 Graft- illegal use of political influence for personal gain.

THE TWEED RING SCANDAL
William M.Tweed, known as Boss Tweed, became head of Tammany Hall, New York City's powerful Democratic political machine, in 1868. Between 1869 and 1871, Boss Tweed led the Tweed Ring, a group of corrupt politicians, in defrauding the city.

  One scheme, the construction of the New York County Courthouse, involved extravagant graft. The project cost taxpayers $13 million, while the actual  construction cost was $3 million. The difference went into the pockets of Tweed and his followers.

Thomas Nast, a political cartoonist, helped arouse public outrage against Tammany Hall's Graft. Tweed Ring was broken in 1871.
Indicted on 120 counts of fraud and extortion and sentenced to 12 years in jail.

His sentence was reduced to a year.He escaped but was caught by officials in Spain who recognized him from a Thomas Nast Cartoon.

https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1851-1900/The-prison-escape-of-former-Representative-William-%E2%80%9CBoss%E2%80%9D-Tweed-of-New-York/

Political Machine

 What is a political machine?

A political machine is a political organization in which an authoritative boss or small group commands the support of a corps of supporters and businesses (usually campaign workers), who receive rewards for their efforts.

4 Main Goals of the Progressives

 1. Protecting Social Welfare

2.Promoting Moral Improvement
3.Creating Economic Reform
4. Fostering Efficiency

How did Voters gain more Political power due to Progressivism?
Initiative

Recall
Referendum

https://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/ballot-measures/pdf/initiative-guide-sample-petition.pdf

https://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/ballot-measures/how-qualify-initiative

https://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/ballot-measures/referendum#:~:text=Counties%20have%2030%20working%20days,would%20qualify%20for%20the%20ballot.

https://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/recalls

Origins of Progressivism

 

New Reform Movements:
1. Social Gospel Movement
2.The Populists
3.Settlement House
4. New reformers were reacting to INDUSTRIALIZATION

PROGRESSIVES maintained that
private charities couldn’t do enough for the poor

1. They felt Gov needed plans for progress

2.Progressive ERA 1890-1920

Not a single unified Movement

Three C's

Consumer Protection

Control of Corporations

Conservation

Lunar New Year

 

 https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/holidays/a38883958/lunar-new-year-traditions/

https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2022/01/31/year-tiger-lunar-new-year-2022/9246629002/

Politics in the Gilded Age

  Who Coined the Term Gilded Age?

MARK TWAIN

The Gilded Age in United States history is the late 19th century, from the 1870s to about 1900. The term was coined by writer Mark Twain in The Gilded Age.

The Challenges of Urbanization

  

Jacob Riis
was a Danish American social reformer, "muckraking" journalist and social documentary photographer. He is known for using his photographic and journalistic talents to help the impoverished in New York City; those impoverished New Yorkers were the subject of most of his prolific writings and photography

How the Other Half Lives