What was the Panic of 1893 ?

   1.Railroad Companies got greedy- they built railroads in places where no one even lived yet

2. Markets didn't keep up (the farmers are poor) so those companies went bankrupt

3. As companies folded, people panicked and ran to banks to demand the (gold) back

4. Banks get scared and won't loan money to anyone

5. More businesses go bankrupt

 15,000 businesses and 500 banks had collapsed

1894 20% unemployment

Problems with the Railroads

  The Farmers' Alliance

The Grange- original purpose was to provide a social outlet and an educational forum for isolated farm families. By 1870's , however, most time and energy was spent fighting the railroads. 

How to organize, how to set up farmers' cooperatives, and how to sponsor state legislation to regulate railroads.

Farmers wanted: to also use silver to back up= more $ printed
Banks wanted: to just use gold = less $ printed

 

1. Fighting railroad power 
2.Getting cheap loans 
3.Demanding gov’t help

Economic Distress

 Greenback= Money printed by the U.S. during the Civil War

During the Civil War the Government had issued $500 million in paper money, called greenbacks.
Greenbacks could not be exchanged for gold or silver.

Government wanted to take greenbacks out of circulation which causes INFLATION

Farmers and the Populist Movement

  

Settling on the Great Plains

  Homestead Act- 1862 Congress passed the Homestead Act, offering160 acres of land free to any citizen or intended citizen who was head of the household.

Morrill Act - of 1862 and 1890 gave federal land to the states to help finance agricultural colleges.

Veterans Day

Veterans Day 2022

Veterans Day is a U.S. legal holiday dedicated to American veterans of all wars, and Veterans Day 2022 will occur on Friday, November 11. In 1918, on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month, an armistice, or temporary cessation of hostilities, was declared between the Allied nations and Germany in World War I, then known as “the Great War.” 

Commemorated in many countries as Armistice Day the following year, November 11th became a federal holiday in the United States in 1938. In the aftermath of World War II and the Korean War, Armistice Day became known as Veterans Day.

https://www.history.com/topics/holidays/history-of-veterans-day

Where Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated Colonel Custer

 

 Chief Sitting Bull

1830-1890

https://crazyhorsememorial.org/

Crazy Horse and his band of Oglala on their way from Camp Sheridan to surrender to General Crook at Red Cloud Agency, Sunday, May 6, 1877 / Berghavy ; from sketches by Mr. Hottes.

 

William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody  Buffalo Bill’s Wild West program.  The show's first opening was on May 19, 1883 at Omaha, Nebraska.  Sitting Bill did not join the show until 1885 and performed for only one season.

RUDOLF CRONAU (1855-1939), graphite and ink wash on paper of Tatanka Iyotake, Sitting Bull, signed, dated and inscribed 'Rud. Cronau - 1881 Fort Randall S. Dac.' and inscribed 'Sitting Bull'  15½ x 12¼ inches

Cabinet photograph signed "Sitting Bull" in  Sitting Bull's square hand in lower portion of the mount. Circa 1882

http://www.sittingbull.org/ 


The Federal Government and the Lakota Sioux
http://users.humboldt.edu/ogayle/sed741/lakota.html 

United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians, 448 U.S. 371 (1980), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that: 1) the enactment by Congress of a law allowing the Sioux Nation to pursue a claim against the United States that had been previously adjudicated did not violate the doctrine of separation of powers; and 2) the taking of property that was set aside for the use of the tribe required just compensation, including interest.

On appeal the Government did not contest the Commission's holding that it had "acquired the Black Hills through a course of unfair and dishonorable dealing for which the Sioux were entitled to damages."^[16] In effect the Government was disputing only whether the Sioux could collect 100 years' worth of interest.

Finally, under its new authorizing statute, the Claims Court held the Sioux had suffered a taking cognizable under the Fifth Amendment, and were entitled to the value of the land as of the 1877 taking which was $17.1 million, the value of gold prospectors illegally took out of the land computed at $450,000, and 100 years' worth of interest at 5% per year which would be an additional $88 million.^[18]

Supreme Court decision

Justice Blackmun delivered the Court's opinion in which six other justices joined. Justice White concurred in part, and Justice Rehnquist dissented.^[19]
The first and the main issue in the case, was whether Congress transgressed against the separation of powers by directing the Claims Court to reconsider the Sioux claim, this time without regard to res judicata.^[20] The Supreme Court concluded Congress could indeed waive res judicata and resurrect an adjudicated claim against the government, under its constitutionally conferred power to "pay the nation's debts," including "moral debts."^[21]
The second issue was whether the Sioux had already received just compensation for their land, and the Court affirmed the Claims Court's decision that they never had.^[22] The Court recognized a tension between Congress's duty to serve as a benevolent trustee for Indians, and the power to take their land.^[23] "Congress can own two hats, but it cannot wear them both at the same time," said the opinion.^[24] While reaffirming earlier decisions that Congress has "paramount authority over the property of the Indians," the Court concluded that Congress acts properly only if it "makes a good faith effort to give the Indians the full value of the land," which here it had failed to do.^[25] In conclusion the Supreme Court ordered "just compensation to the Sioux Nation, and that obligation, including an award of interest, must now, at last, be paid."<sup>[26]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Sioux_Nation_of_Indians</sup> 

Sioux refusal to accept the money awarded

The Sioux have declined to accept the money,^[31] because acceptance would legally terminate Sioux demands for return of the Black Hills. The money remains in a Bureau of Indian Affairs account accruing compound interest. As of 24 August 2011 the Sioux interest on their money has compounded to over 1 billion dollars.^[32]

Pine Ridge: A broken system failing America’s most forgotten children

http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/failing-americas-most-forgotten-children 

Four of the five poorest counties in America are located on reservations. Shannon County, where Pine Ridge is located, is the second poorest with a per capita income of just $6,000-$8,000 a year. It’s also extremely difficult to attract quality teachers willing to relocate to remote outposts with limited quality housing and extreme quality of life issues.

Pine Ridge Statistics as of 2017

• Unemployment rate of 80-90%
• Per capita income of $4,000
• 8 Times the United States rate of diabetes
• 5 Times the United States rate of cervical cancer
• Twice the rate of heart disease
• 8 Times the United States rate of Tuberculosis
• Alcoholism rate estimated as high as 80%
• 1 in 4 infants born with fetal alcohol syndrome or effects
• Suicide rate more than twice the national rate
• Teen suicide rate 4 times the national rate
• Infant mortality is three times the national rate
• Life expectancy on Pine Ridge is the lowest in the United States and the 2nd lowest in the Western Hemisphere. Only Haiti has a lower rate.

• Extreme Poverty

  The poverty on Pine Ridge can be described in no other terms than third world. It is common to find homes overcrowded, as those with homes take in whoever needs a roof over their heads.  Many homes are without running water, and without sewer.
   

http://www.re-member.org/pine-ridge-reservat

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/horrific-sand-creek-massacre-will-be-forgotten-no-more-180953403/

https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/u-s-army-massacres-indians-at-wounded-knee

Native Americans and the Buffalo

 

Edward Curtis

https://edwardscurtis.com

https://www.si.edu/spotlight/edward-sheriff-curtis

Native American Heritage Month

 

https://www.nativeamericanheritagemonth.gov

Hiram Revels

 

HIRAM REVELS

A freeman his entire life, Hiram Rhodes Revels was the first African American to serve in the U.S. Congress. With his moderate political orientation and oratorical skills honed from years as a preacher, Revels filled a vacant seat in the United States Senate in 1870. Just before the Senate agreed to admit a black man to its ranks on February 25, Republican Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts sized up the importance of the moment: “All men are created equal, says the great Declaration,” Sumner roared, “and now a great act attests this verity. Today we make the Declaration a reality…. The Declaration was only half established by Independence. The greatest duty remained behind. In assuring the equal rights of all we complete the work.”¹

^{https://history.house.gov/People/Listing/R/REVELS,-Hiram-Rhodes-(R000166)/}

Lincoln assassination

  April 15, 1865, Washington, D.C.

http://www.history.com/topics/abraham-lincoln-assassination 

John Wilkes Booth (May 10, 1838 – April 26, 1865) was an American stage actor who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre, in Washington, D.C. , on April 14, 1865.  

Reconstruction 1865- 1877

  Reconstruction generally refers to the period in United States history immediately following the Civil War in which the federal government set the conditions that would allow the rebellious Southern states back into the Union.

http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/reconstruction 

Klu Klux Klan

  

The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) is a white supremacist organization that was founded in 1866. Throughout its notorious history, factions of the secret fraternal organization have used acts of terrorism—including murder, lynching, arson, rape, and bombing—to oppose the granting of civil rights to African Americans. Deriving its membership from native-born, white Protestant U.S. citizens, the KKK has also been anti-Semitic and anti-Catholic, and has opposed the immigration of all those it does not view as "racially pure."

http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Ku_Klux_Klan.aspx

What was the Freedmen’s Bureau?

  Congress established this organization to provide food, clothing, hospitals, legal protection, and education for former slaves and poor whites in the South.

Radical Republican

  Very liberal Republicans who wanted to destroy slavery and give full citizenship rights to African Americans.

Hiram Revels of Mississippi was elected Senator and six other African Americans were elected as Congressmen from other southern states during the Reconstruction era

What’s the difference between a carpetbagger and a scalawag?

  Carpetbagger = Northerners who moved to the South after the CW

Scalawag = white Southerners who joined the Republican Party (seen as traitors to the South)

Gettysburg Address

  

http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/gettysburg-address

13,14,and 15 amendments

  13,14,and 15 amendments

Important Battles

  

The Anaconda Plan was a strategy created by Union General Winfield Scott in 1861, early on in the Civil War. It called for strangling the Southern Confederacy, much like an Anaconda.

What was General Sherman' s strategy in Georgia?

Sherman waged TOTAL WAR , burning everything to break the south's will.

How were dogs and mules related to Grant's victory at Vicksburg?

The south's supplies were so low people ate dogs and mules.Finally, the southerners's surrendered.